Established in 1914, Cooperative Extension was designed as a partnership of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the land-grant universities, setting up a rural outreach program modeled on the pioneering work of men such as Booker T. Washington and Seaman A. Knapp. Land-grant institutions were created by the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890. The Second Morrill Act, passed in 1890, designated 16 traditionally black institutions in the Southern states as a land-grant institution; the addition of Tuskegee University and West Virginia State University brought the total to 18.